Graves' disease is a thyroid malfunctioning disorder that is caused by dysfunction of immune system. In this disease, the immune system produces an antibody known as thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) against a protein in surface cells of thyroid gland. This antibody mimics the functioning of pituitary gland and cuaes overproduction of thyroid hormones causing hyperthyroidism. It is necessary to seek the emergency care if heart related signs or symptoms are experienced.

Primary symptoms of Graves' disease:-

1.Goiter- enlargement of thyroid gland

2.Tremors

3.Increase in heart palpitations

4.Sensitivity to heat

5.Sudden weight loss without any reason

6.Fatigue

7.Irritability

8.Difficulty sleeping

9.Increase in sweating

10.Reduced libido or sexual dysfunctions

11.Changes in menstrual cycle

12.Anxiety

Graves' ophthalmopathy: - In this disease, the immune system also affects tissues and muscles surrounding the eyes, causing inflammation. This condition may occur along with hyperthyroidism or several months after or before the onset of hyperthyroidism.

Symptoms of Graves' disease:-

1.Dry eyes

2.Inflammation and reddening of eyes

3.Eye pain

4.Protuberant eyes

5.Puffy eyelids

6.Sensitivity to light

7.Double vision

8.Restricted eye movements

9.Pressure in the eyes

10.Excessive tearing

Rare symptoms:-

1.Blurred or reduced vision

2.Corneal ulcers

Graves' dermopathy: - In this condition, skin on the shins and top of the feet becomes reddened, thick and swollen. This manifestation of Graves' disease is often uncommon.

Risk factors:-

1.Family History

2.Being female

3.Age younger than 40

4.Other autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis or Type 1 diabetes

5.Stress

6.Pregnancy

7.Cigarette Smoking- Heavy smokers are also art higher risk of developing Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Complications:-

1.Pregnancy Complications: - Graves' disease may lead to pregnancy complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, poor fetal growth and thyroid dysfunction in fetus. It may cause a condition known as Preeclampsia which is characterized by hypertension and increased protein excretion through urine.

2.Cardiovascular disorders: - If treatment is not received in time, Graves' disease can cause changes in structures and functions of heart muscles. It may cause abnormal heart rhythm, or congestive heart failure in which heart cannot pump adequate blood in the body.

3.Thyrotoxic crisis: - This life threatening disorder is also known as accelerated hyperthyroidism or Thyroid storm. It usually occurs when hyperthyroidism is not treated appropriately, thus leading to excessive secretion of thyroxin. It causes symptoms such as delirium, increased metabolism, fever, weakness, sweating and tumors. It may worsen into hypertension and coma. Thyrotoxic crisis often requires emergency care.

4.Osteoporosis: - If left untreated, Graves' disease can cause Osteoporosis. This disease affects strength of bones and makes them weak and brittle. This disease may reduce body's ability to absorb calcium.