In 2005, scientists at the New York, Albert Einstein College of Medicine carried out a trial on 24,000 headache and migraine sufferers.
They studied the headache medications used by these sufferers, to determine whether participants suffering on less than 15 days a month were more likely to develop chronic attacks The survey showed that those who used barbiturates and caffeine-containing drugs as pain relief were at risk of developing rebound headaches, also known as medication-overuse headaches.
If taken to excess, or too often, these medications can worsen the migraine severity and frequency, making the problem harder to treat.
By 2006, 209 of the people who had taken part in the study had developed chronic migraine.
Pregnant or breast-feeding women, and anyone with heart disease or peptic ulcers, should not use these drugs for fear of complications.
(Adapted from: American Academy of Neurology (2008, April 27).
Overuse of Codeine, Oxycodone and Barbiturates Increases Risk Of Chronic Migraine.
ScienceDaily.
) Other medications are widely available for preventing migraines but they are rarely wholly successful and they also have numerous side-effects.
One of the most common forms of migraine treatments used by doctors is an anti depressant such as Amitriptyline.
These are extremely addictive and when a patient stops taking them they may suffer debilitating withdrawal symptoms for many months.
This should not be attempted without the supervision of a qualified medical practitioner.
Migraine sufferers are beginning to realise that prescription drugs simply aren't effective unless they continually increase their doses.
Finding that the side effects are far too numerous and too uncomfortable to continue treatments, many are now turning to natural remedies which focus on the entire body, not merely the source of pain as is the case with prescription drugs.
The side effects from natural remedies are usually less profound and there are no known addictions.
One such remedy is butterbur.
"Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine" notes that butterbur is used for migraine of "liver origins".
In Asia, Europe and regions of North America, where Butterbur grows naturally, extracts from the leaves and flowers have been used for centuries as a 'folk remedy'.
Conditions other than migraine that are believed to respond to Butterbur are allergies, asthma and stomach cramps.
Butterbur is a member of the ragweed family of plants and anyone who is allergic to daisy, marigold, chrysanthemum or ragweed should not use it, neither should people who have kidney or liver disease, or pregnant women.
It should never be used for treating children.
Modern studies suggest that Butterbur works by calming spasms in some muscle tissues and reducing inflammation of the walls of blood vessels.
A study, published in Neurology, suggests that use of an extract from Butterbur can reduce the frequency of migraines.
The study, conducted by the Yeshiva University in New York, involved the use of a butterbur extract, Petodolex.
The 245 people who took part in the study had experienced between two and six migraine attacks per month during the three months before the trial began.
Three months before starting they stop taking their usual migraine preventative treatment, so that the chemical residues could be eliminated from their system.
The trial compared the effect of taking Butterbur extract over a four month period, using 50mg, 75mg doses twice a day and a placebo.
After four months of treatment, migraine frequency was reduced by 48% in those who used the 75mg dose, with a 26% reduction in the placebo group.
Those who took the 50mg dose were found to have a 36% reduction in the frequency of migraines, and researchers felt this was not significantly different from the effects of the placebo.
Significantly more people in the 75mg dose group had a 50% reduction in monthly migraine attacks than those in the placebo group.
(Adapted from Neurology Dec 2004; 63:2240-4; Press releases from Yeshiva University).
Butterbur is known to have side effects which include indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation however, reports from the studies suggested that those using Butterbur only reported mild side effects, the most common being burping.
When using natural alternatives for migraine treatment, you will usually benefit most from consulting a qualified practitioner.